![]() ![]() Hypertensive Retinopathy: Grade I – Thickening of arterioles. Yellow hard exudates, due to lipid deposition deep in the retina. Small white foci of retinal ischemia (cotton-wool spots). Hypertensive Retinopathy: Arteriosclerosis cause the arteriole light reflex to become broad and dull – silver wire Generalized or focal retinal arteriolar constriction – pale. Renal Artery stenosis - Atrophy Leathery Granularity Benign Nephrosclerosis Renal Causes : Renal artery atherosclerosis Polycystic Disease Glomerulonephritis (A/C) Renal artery stenosis Renal vasculitis – SLE Renin producing tumors. īenign Nephrosclerosis: Leathery Granularity due to minute scarring Lenticular nucleus, thalamus Slit Haemorrhages. Single or multiple cavitary infarcts – lacunes. Lacunar Infarct: Chronic hypertension Arteriolosclerosis of deep penetrating arterioles of brain stem. Aneurisms Ĭerebral Infarction (Stroke) : Haemorrhagic Necrosis Subarachnoid Haemorrhage: Cerebral Blood vessels Special features: Thin walled* End arteries* Cong. Necrotizing arteriole: Malignant HPTN Fibrinoid Necrosis Thrombosis Sclerosis Artery Sclerosis PCT hydropic deg. Nephrosclerosis in HPTN: Artery Sclerosis Glom. Nephrosclerosis in HPTN: Artery Sclerosis Artery Sclerosis PCT hydropic deg. #ETIOLOGY VS PATHOLOGY SKIN#Hyperplastic Arteriolosclerosis: Onion Skin Thickening Of arterioles. Left Ventricular Hypertrophy: Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Arteriolosclerosis Rupture Aneurysm Rupture. Eyes : Hypertensive retinopathy Brain : Haemorrhage, infarction, splinter hemorrhages & Lacunar infarcts. (thick arterioles) Heart LVH, Hypertensive cardiomyopathy IHD, MI. Morphology: Large Blood Vessels – Macroangiopathy. ![]() Malignant Hypertension: Rapidly progressive end organ damage. Resistance Sodium Retention Blood Volume Aldosterone Hypertension Pathogenesis of Renovascular HTN: GFR Renin by JGA Angiotensin II Vasoconstriction P. Increased peripheral resistance (sympathetic tone) stress, hormonal, neural. Cushings, Pheochromocytoma, Essential - Etiology is multifactorial. Įtiology: Secondary - Known abnormal control. Neurogenic – Psychogenic, Intracranial pressure, olyneuritis etc. Vascular – Coarctation of Aorta, PAN, Aortic insufficiency. Life style, genetic, … Secondary Hypertension (5-10%) Renal – GN, RAS, Renin tumors Endocrine – Cushing, OCP, Thyrotoxicosis Myxdema, Pheochromocytoma, Acromegaly. Įtiologic Classification: Essential (Primary) Hypertension (95%) Unknown etiology. Neural Factors Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Blood Volume Sodium, Mineralocorticoids, ANP Cardiac Factors Heart rate & Contractility. Regulation of BP: BP = Cardiac Output x Peripheral Resistance Endocrine Factors Renin, Angiotensin, ANP, ADH, Aldosterone. 25% of population, Complications bring to diagnosis but late… Chronic, end organ & vascular damage Hypertension - Introduction Silent Killer – painless – complications dizziness, headache, and visual difficulties, It is the leading risk factor – MI, DM, Stroke Responsible for the majority of office visits, Number one reason for drug prescription. Introduction “ Sustained increase in blood pressure” Systolic >140, Diastolic > 90 mm of Hg* Normal* Mild + 20, Moderate +40 Severe +80 Malignant - > 210/120 Keep Smiling….! “ It will help you to grow up in greater happiness & Love for each other.' Mother Teresa 1910-1997, Roman Catholic Missionary ![]()
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